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Human Factors And Ergonomics In Manufacturing & Service Industries
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Pdf) Safety Index: A Systematic Approach To Measure The Level Of Occupational Safety In Manufacturing Industry
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Date Received: 29 January 2020 / Revised: 19 February 2020 / Date Received: 20 February 2020 / Date Published: 27 February 2020
This paper presents a unified methodology for the planning, optimization, and integration of exoskeletons for human-centered workplaces, focusing on the automotive industry. Some of the current and future challenges in the industry (such as the need for flexible manufacturing, as well as demographic changes) are what prompt this article. These problems should be changed in a positive way by integrating the exoskeletons of this article. The authors’ already published research work is summarized in a systematic and clear context summarizing all the relevant knowledge and especially the results. This article provides an overview and guidance for interested newcomers as well as experienced users, planners, and researchers on all relevant aspects of exoskeleton technology: from absolute basics to operational applications. After adapting the results to three relevant research questions, current challenges in planning and optimizing exoskeleton technology, ergonomics, and manufacturing efficiency are presented. The first selection method (called ExoMatch) is presented by finding the most suitable exoskeleton of the workplace and filtering and comparing all important analyzable features and characteristics, taking into account all aspects of the environment. The next section examines the results related to the analysis of factors influencing the integration of exoskeletons into production. In particular, ergonomic and production-related (especially time management) effects identified and studied in already published work are discussed. An important next step is to provide a roadmap as a guide for exoskeleton integration. This article summarizes and summarizes several published research findings, providing relevant knowledge, methodologies and guidelines for optimal exoskeleton integration for human-controlled workplaces, taking into account ergonomic and process-related implications.
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The focus of this work is that disruptive innovations such as exoskeleton technology will impact the manufacturing workplace and the strategic planning of manufacturing enterprises. Research questions, hypotheses, and approaches are specific outcomes of these objectives. Today’s challenges for manufacturing at all dimensions, from the network to the shop floor, the shop floor, the production system, the workplace and the production process, stem from the ultimate goal of increasing efficiency. Of course, there are many other effects, such as psychophysical and financial. This goal can be achieved by addressing the research questions identified by the authors and shown in Figure 1, focusing on disruptive innovation and promising exoskeleton technology. However, the next steps of this research will deepen this focus and combine it with other technologies, which cannot be discussed here.
The first part of the article gives an overview of exoskeleton technology and the problem of human-oriented workplace planning and optimization in production based on already published work [1]. The sections of this publication dealing with the classification of jobs and types of exoskeleton answer the first research question about increasing production efficiency. To answer the second question, one must first acknowledge all the impacts and identified potential for improvement. This was done with excerpts from this publication [2]. Today’s modern exoskeleton technology does not reveal the ergonomic assessment of workplaces. Excerpts from the publication [3] are used to explore previously used procedures for their effects. Regarding the effect of time, wear/wear time results are published in [4] as part of this paper.
The final chapter, Section 6, summarizes the step-by-step integration and optimization roadmap for exoskeletons.
Exoskeletons are worn externally and support body movement like a power suit. This concept was first mentioned in 1966 [5]. In the military sector, additional uses and developments were found to increase the strength of soldiers. Medical exoskeletons are designed to support people with disabilities or impairments during rehabilitation and to support daily life, such as disabled patients. The enthusiasm for using exoskeletons in industry to help and assist workers with daily tasks is based on these two different approaches. Exoskeletons are primarily used in manufacturing to improve the actual ergonomic working conditions of workers. Studies prove that such overinvestment brings long-term financial benefits for the company by a factor of 1.445 [6]. In the future, exoskeletons may help disabled workers and therefore give them a chance to reintegrate. As a result, a reduction in lost work days can be expected. During this period, 26% of lost working days in Germany are caused by musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) [7]. In addition, studies show that MSDs cost 240 billion euros (about 2% of GDP) in Europe [8]. Similar positive effects can be expected in the manufacturing sector, such as increased productivity and efficiency. For example, productivity gains can be observed in certain subprocesses because working with an exoskeleton is more intuitive and therefore faster than working with an expensive lifter [9]. These systems lead to poor ergonomics, are negatively evaluated in the workplace, and are therefore rarely used. Such results and ergonomic evaluations are carried out by analyzing simulations [10] in which exoskeletons are almost worn in industrial facilities. Similarly, quality improvement [12] and optimization have been carried out elsewhere [13, 14]. Compared to other static mechanical assistive systems [15], body-made exoskeletons are intuitively functional. It increases the flexibility of production processes and is necessary for continuous competitiveness [16] and mass customization [17], which may consist of manual or difficult-to-automate processes. In conclusion, all the data mentioned above support the feasibility of exoskeletons for industry.
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Choosing the right exoskeletons is currently done on a subjective basis depending on the specific workplace and worker. The future must be science-based, objective and processual, but flexible. The following techniques for selecting appropriate exoskeletons based on the job are new in science. Based on this, this paper describes objective methods (ExoScore and ExoMatch) that consider important attributes from exoskeletons to workspaces to find the optimal one. Likewise, workstations and exoskeletons need to be configured to optimize operations. The article describes Smart Exoskeletons as devices that can be configured in variable combinations to support a worker’s body. Required modules can be weapons and chests [13]. The technical adaptation of Smart Adaptive Exoskeletons, which can be easily adjusted for a specific workplace (overhead work, adjustment, etc.), worker tasks (e.g. holding tools, support force, etc.) and worker position, is what we developed our definition of. we go out (productivity, fatigue, fatigue, etc.).
As shown in Figure 2, exoskeleton technology is not mature enough because there are very few exoskeletons on the market as certified products. Technical definitions and certifications, more specifically, declarations of conformity, are still incomplete and not clearly resolved for many world markets [18, 19]. Due to the frequency of this innovative technology, the product is not mature enough because the current development is focused on technical details rather than human or organizational problems. This results in a lack of documented experiences, including long-term studies and structured literature for discussion in practice. The above-mentioned cases indicate the reasons for the low acceptance of exoskeletons in the industry. The tasks involved are often characterized by simple and unilateral movement sequences and can be complemented by passive exoskeletons to support the current task.
This section classifies exoskeletons and workplace features. For growth purposes
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